Do you have the original breaker that was powering these circuits? Does it have two separate connection screws with the black in one and the red in the other or were the black and red in the same connection point secured with the same screw?
The presence of the red wire suggests you have a MWBC with two hots (B & R) and one neutral W. If so, this is supposed to be protected by a 2-pole breaker which may be what you had originally.
EDIT
If it is a MWBC, then using two 1-pole breakers could lead to a dangerous condition. If both the red and black wires would be on the same leg of the bus, then the receptacles would appear to be OK, but the neutral could be overloaded. When the two are on different legs (240 V from R to B), then the common neutral would not be overloadable because the net current in the white would be the difference in the currents in the R and B wires because they are on different legs. However, if the two 1-pole breakers were put in the same place occupied by the original wider breaker (presumably a 2-pole breaker), then they would almost certainly be on different legs. If you would find a 240 V difference between the R and the B hot wires, then they are on different legs and the neutral W would not be overloaded.
But this does not explain why the outside receptacle is not working. I would suspect that a GFCI has tripped or there is a loose connection in some wire heading to the outside receptacle. It could be in the hot path or in the neutral path.
EDIT2
My knowledge of GE panels is from my old GE one, but I think your original breaker may have been a single pole (1-pole) 1 inch wide and it was in one full slot not two slots.
GE panels can take half width breakers and you may now have two 1/2 inch wide breakers in one full slot. This is fine but you must use two entirely separate 12-2 or 14-2 cables so the neutrals would not be overloaded.
You could use two 1-pole 1/2" breakers with a 12-3 cable (shared neutral) BUT you must put the two breakers in the bottom half of one slot and the top half of the adjacent slot. Did the electrician do that?
EDIT3
Depending on how many open slots you have here is how you would proceed. You use a GE 2-pole compact breaker pair (two 1/2" breakers in one unit) for this pair of circuits.
This 2-pole breaker is mechanically designed so it will not snap into a full slot, but will fit in your box only astride two slots and it must be put in that way to function properly.
To get space to do this you will probably need to rearrange the breakers and replace one or more full width breakers with 1/2" breakers. It may be that you can use one or both of the 1/2" wide breakers the electrician installed in place of existing 1" wide breakers. But the current limit must be the same as the existing one--don't use a 20 A 1/2" to replace a 15 A 1".
